فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق بشر اسلامی
پیاپی 28 (بهار 1402)

International environmental law and human rights had separate beginnings, but the reality is that these two categories have intertwined and interconnected rules, and the ultimate goal of both is to provide better conditions for human life. The close relationship between international environmental law and human rights, on the one hand, considers environmental protection as the most fundamental principle for enjoying life and human dignity, and on the other hand, it has made it possible to face the challenges Globally, in regional and global dimensions, slow self-protection and human rights. The present article was carried out with the aim of analyzing the environmental protection from the perspective of human rights with a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. The results showed that the international environmental rights are closely related to the basic guarantees contained in the Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, such as the right to life and the right to health. On the other hand, having appropriate standards for health emphasizes the strong correlation between economic, social and cultural rights with environmental rights. In addition, the intersection point between international human rights and international environmental rights is the right to a healthy environment. A right that, like the right to development, is considered one of the most important examples of solidarity rights today.

Human rights are one of the most fundamental rights that every individual enjoys inherently and simply as a human being. In contrast, sanctions, as levers of pressure on governments, mainly for various political purposes, directly and indirectly, have many adverse effects on the rights of the citizens of the sanctioned states and overshadow the different dimensions of human rights. Doubts that have always existed about the legality of sanctions are growing in the face of an epidemic, which requires effective treatment in all countries. Therefore, the main question of this research is that in terms of international documents in the field of human rights and health rights, can the sanctions during the global epidemic be considered legitimate? The present study aims to explain the legitimacy of sanctions for violating these obligations of governments by descriptive-analytical method while examining the human rights obligations of governments in the face of epidemics. The results of this study show that if the sanctions violate governments' commitment to international cooperation, respect for human rights, and international health law, they have no legitimacy, and the Security Council or sanctions-imposing governments will be held accountable for violating their obligations.

Policy making the culture of citizenship rights in the Islamic Republic of IranAbstractAny society can become a stable, sustainable and progressive society in all economic, social, cultural and political dimensions by identifying the needs and formulating appropriate and correct implementation plans at the macro level. Promoting the culture of citizenship rights and increasing the knowledge and skills of citizenship with an emphasis on discipline and social ethics and creating a platform to strengthen the religious, national and revolutionary identity of citizens as well as improving the individual and social health of citizens with an emphasis on equality, social participation, developing citizenship culture in order to Providing a healthy model and increasing vitality among citizens is one of the necessities of a healthy society. In Islamic Iran, identifying and clarifying the rights of citizens in the text of the constitution and other laws should be considered as a fundamental step in social progress and development.

Economic violence against women is one of the human right issues that has recently been highlighted in international documents and the legal system of Western countries. Specific measures have been included in the international documents for the harmonization and implementation of laws against economic violence. In this research, the concept of economic violence is investigated and the commonalities and differences of legal measures to deal with it in international documents and Islamic teachings are compared and analyzed in this regard. This will help the managers and decision makers of the country to make smart policies in facing the issue of economic violence and in facing the movements of international organizations in the issue of women’s rights. The results of the research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, show that most important measures of international ducoments in the issue of dealing with economic violence against women, such as the right to property and the right to access economic resources, were included in Islam a thousand years before ratification of international documents. In addition to these cases, measures such as alimony, ideal wages and dowry have also been considered to support women economically. Also, some measures of international documents have been arranged in the direction of equal rights of men and women, while in Islam, the proportionality of the rights of men and women is considered based on physical and mental differences and by preserving the family’s interests.

Respecting the rights of minorities and prohibiting discrimination against them is considered to be one of the important issues that has recently received more attention and support from international institutions. Although in the past century, hostile and violent encounters with minorities have been varied, but at the same time, measures have been taken to respect the rights of minorities and ensure the peaceful coexistence of different ethnicities and groups. In this regard, the aim of the upcoming research is to examine the differences between Islamic and Western human rights, emphasizing the rights of minorities. Therefore, the question of the present article is, what rights and freedoms do minorities have in the Islamic human rights and human rights in the West? The method used in this research is analytical-adaptive and the method of collecting materials is library. The findings of the research are that in western countries, despite the adoption of protective laws regarding the rights of different minorities, the governments have acted very tactfully against these minorities and there are many cases of violations of the rights of minorities and women's visas, but Legal rights for religious minorities have been carefully considered in the Constitution of Iran, and from all these laws, it can be seen that Iran's minorities, despite their small population, have adequate opportunities compared to the minorities living in other countries.